{"id":112,"date":"2015-03-29T15:41:36","date_gmt":"2015-03-29T14:41:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.naturaliter.cz\/magazin\/?p=112"},"modified":"2015-04-13T15:01:56","modified_gmt":"2015-04-13T14:01:56","slug":"ama-lovkyne-perel-z-japonska","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.naturaliter.cz\/magazin\/ama-lovkyne-perel-z-japonska\/","title":{"rendered":"Ama – lovkyn\u011b perel z Japonska"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jednou z fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch a m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1mou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 historie bezesporu jsou lovkyn\u011b perel – Ama. Ama (v japon\u0161tin\u011b \u6d77\u5973) v doslovn\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu znamen\u00e1 „\u017eena mo\u0159e“ a je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro \u017eeny, kter\u00e9 \u017eily v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota u mo\u0159e, kde a\u017e 4 hodiny denn\u011b p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed sb\u00edraly mu\u0161le, chobotnice, humry, mo\u0159sk\u00e9 je\u017eky nebo \u0159asy. Byly schopn\u00e9 pot\u00e1p\u011bt se a\u017e do hloubky 10 m a um\u011bly zadr\u017eet dech a\u017e 2 minuty. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky o nich poch\u00e1zej\u00ed zhruba z roku 750, jsou zm\u00edn\u011bny v souboru b\u00e1sn\u00ed Manj\u00f3\u0161\u00fa (Sb\u00edrka bezpo\u010dtu list\u016f).<\/p>\n

\"Modern\u00ed<\/a>
Modern\u00ed Ama s d\u0159ev\u011bnou b\u00f3j\u00ed na perlov\u00e9 farm\u011b<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Do n\u00e1stupu perlov\u00e9ho<\/a> pr\u016fmyslu na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed byl objev perly pro Ama ne\u010dekan\u00fdm radostn\u00fdm p\u0159iv\u00fdd\u011blkem, brzy se ale m\u011bl st\u00e1t hlavn\u00edm zdrojem ob\u017eivy. Od roku 1914 za\u010daly b\u00fdt v Japonsku v Ji\u017en\u00edm mo\u0159i zakl\u00e1d\u00e1ny prvn\u00ed perlov\u00e9 farmy a Ama se staly vyhled\u00e1van\u00fdmi pro sv\u00e9 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti. Z t\u00e9to doby tak\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed od\u011bv lovkyn\u00ed perel, kter\u00fd je nyn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako tradi\u010dn\u00ed – b\u00edl\u00fd oblek. P\u016fvodn\u011b se toti\u017e lovkyn\u011b perel pot\u00e1p\u011bly nah\u00e9, jen s bedern\u00ed rou\u0161kou, na kter\u00e9 byl p\u0159ipevn\u011bn n\u016f\u017e. Pot\u00e9, co majitel perlov\u00fdch farem Mikimoto zjistil jak jsou turist\u00e9 p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed nahotou lovky\u0148, zavedl jako standard zn\u00e1m\u00fd b\u00edl\u00fd od\u011bv. D\u00e1le ka\u017ed\u00e1 Ama na farm\u011b m\u011bla svou d\u0159ev\u011bnou b\u00f3ji, ke kter\u00e9 byla p\u0159iv\u00e1z\u00e1na lanem a mohla se j\u00ed p\u0159idr\u017eovat a odpo\u010d\u00edvat u n\u00ed mezi ponory.<\/p>\n

\"Dv\u011b<\/a>
Dv\u011b japonsk\u00e9 Amy sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ryby kolorovan\u00e1 d\u0159evo\u0159ezba (archiv Wellcome Library, London<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dakolem Ama na farm\u00e1ch bylo sb\u00edrat \u00fast\u0159ice z mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho dna, aby mohly b\u00fdt opatrn\u011b otev\u0159eny a mohlo do nich b\u00fdt vlo\u017eeno perlov\u00e9<\/a> nebo perle\u0165ov\u00e9<\/a> j\u00e1dro, kter\u00e9 by urychlilo proces r\u016fstu. Ama pak vracely \u00fast\u0159ice na mo\u0159sk\u00e9 dno, kde byly v bezpe\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ed vlnobit\u00edm a odlivem, aby perlorodka vlo\u017een\u00e9 j\u00e1dro obalila do po\u017eadovan\u00e9 velikosti.<\/p>\n

\"Ama<\/a>
Ama – so\u0161ka ze slonoviny s kresbou tu\u0161\u00ed (sumi) ve sb\u00edrce muzea LACMA, pozdn\u00ed 18. stolet\u00ed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tento proces vy\u017eadoval pono\u0159it se do hloubky a\u017e deseti metr\u016f a nutnost zadr\u017eet dech na n\u011bkolik minut v \u010dasto mraziv\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch. Po vyno\u0159en\u00ed na hladinu Ama m\u00edrn\u011b pootev\u0159ela \u00fasta a pomalu vydechla, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vydala p\u00edskav\u00fd zvuk, kter\u00fd byl zn\u00e1m jako \u201eIsobue\u201d.<\/p>\n

Uv\u00e1d\u00ed se, \u017ee jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d jsou Amy p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jen \u017eeny, je \u017ee jejich v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vrstva podko\u017en\u00edho tuku jim umo\u017e\u0148uje vydr\u017eet del\u0161\u00ed dobu v chladn\u00fdch a\u017e mraziv\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch p\u0159i pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvodem je charakteristika t\u00e9to profese, kter\u00e1 \u017een\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje b\u00fdt nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 a tvo\u0159it vlatn\u00ed siln\u00e9 komunity. P\u0159ekvapiv\u00fd je ale v\u011bk, do kter\u00e9ho jsou tyto pot\u00e1p\u011b\u010dky aktivn\u00ed. Amy se pot\u00e1p\u011bly a\u017e do st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, z\u00e1znamy jsou i o Ama star\u0161\u00edch 90 let, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly v pot\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dlouholetou praxi a v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota str\u00e1vily na mo\u0159i.<\/p>\n

\"Amy<\/a>
Amy a Kokichi Mikimoto – zakladatel farem na kultivov\u00e1n\u00ed perel, 1921<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Po\u010det tradi\u010dn\u00edch lovky\u0148 perel<\/a> se ale ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokem sni\u017euje. Na vin\u011b je jednak modernizace ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch technologi\u00ed, d\u00e1le tak\u00e9 nez\u00e1jem mlad\u00fdch Japonek o tuto profesi. V roce 1956 bylo v Japonsku ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zaznamen\u00e1no 17 611 lovky\u0148 Ama, kde\u017eto v roce 2010 u\u017e jen 2 174, tedy zhruba osmina. Nav\u00edc t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovina (973) pracuj\u00ed ve m\u011bstech Toba a Shima na velk\u00fdch farm\u00e1ch. Doba romantizovan\u00fdch nah\u00fdch lovky\u0148 perel z mal\u00fdch vesni\u010dek u mo\u0159e je tedy ji\u017e nen\u00e1vratn\u011b pry\u010d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jednou z fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch a m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1mou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 historie bezesporu jsou lovkyn\u011b perel – Ama. Ama (v japon\u0161tin\u011b \u6d77\u5973) v doslovn\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu znamen\u00e1 „\u017eena mo\u0159e“ a je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro \u017eeny, kter\u00e9 \u017eily v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota u mo\u0159e, kde a\u017e 4<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":133,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nAma - lovkyn\u011b perel z Japonska - Magaz\u00edn Naturaliter.cz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jednou z fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch a m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1mou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed japonsk\u00e9 historie bezesporu jsou lovkyn\u011b perel - Ama. 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